a.
an enzyme secreted by sweat glands on the skin that destroys the cell walls
of certain bacteria
b.
the fermentation product that gives yogurt its characteristic "tang"
c.
the enzyme that is involved in transporting glucose into a bacterial cell
d.
a selective ingredient in mannitol salt agar plates
Which
of the following statements is false regarding pathogenic strains of
Staphylococcus aureus?
a.
associated with toxic shock syndrome
b.
commonly coagulase positive
c.
Associated with nosocomial infections
d.
is catalase negative
Which
statement is false about Streptococccus pyogenes?
a.
it is beta hemolytic
b.
it is catalase negative
c.
it is only known to cause strep throat
d.
it is synonymous with group A streptococci
CMU STUDENT DIAGNOSED
WITH BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
MOUNT PLEASANT - A Central Michigan University student has been diagnosed
with a form of
bacterial meningitis.
Staff from University Health Services, working in conjunction with the Central
Michigan District Health Department, are notifying people who have been in
close contact with the infected individual.
The student, a resident of CMU's Woldt Hall, was diagnosed over the weekend
at the student's home
residence in southeast Michigan and is currently hospitalized there. CMU
health officials were contacted about the diagnosis Monday (April 21) morning.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and
spinal cord. The bacteria are
spread through direct
contact with respiratory secretions when people cough, sneeze, kiss or share
saliva, or share drinking glasses or cigarettes.
"People who have not had direct contact with infected individuals should
not be overly concerned
about contracting meningitis," said Sarah Campbell, director of University
Health Services. "It is less contagious than colds and the flu.
Individuals of any age
can carry the germ without becoming ill, but only rarely do the bacteria
overcome the body's immune system and cause meningitis.
"We have contacted the student's roommates and are attempting to contact
other individuals who
may have had long face-to-face contact with the infected student to be
treated with an antibiotic," said Campbell. "Individuals who do not need to be
treated include casual acquaintances, such as those who attended the same
classes or live in the same residence hall."
High fever, headache
and stiff neck are common symptoms of meningitis.
Individuals who develop symptoms should see their physician or contact CMU
Health Services immediately.
Precautions include
frequent and careful hand washing,
not sharing a drinking glass or cigarette, and avoiding contact with
respiratory secretions of other people.
Additional information is available at University Health Services at (989)
774-5693. Information also
can be found at the Web site: www.healthservices.cmich.edu.
Unit 4. Survey - Role of
Microbes in Health and Disease
A.
Environmental Microbiology
B. Medical Microbiology
1.
Epidemiology
2.
Significant/Interesting Human Diseases
a. Skin
Staph and Strep
Streptococcus pyogenes
Group A
Strep
Invasive - flesh-eating strep
Staphylococcus aureus
Toxic
Shock Syndrome, sty
MRSA
b.
Nervous system
Meningitis
c. Cardiovascular and lymphatic system
Hemorrhagic
fevers
Lyme
disease
The plague
Cardiovascular system
Rapidly distributes
Pathogens
Left untreated multiple
organs affected
Sepsis or Septicemia
Uncontrolled reproduction
of microbes in the blood
Cardiovascular - lymphatic system
Permeability of lymph system make it more likely to pick
up microorganism
Then destroyed by lymphocytes in nodes
Emerging Infectious Disease (EID) New or changing
disease with increasing prevalence
Ebola
Outbreak
What did we learn?
Precautions should be in place for EIDs.
Had they been in place before the Ebola
outbreak, many lives would have been saved.
Luckily Ebola is not easily transmitted
317 people infected and 255 died.
Filoviridae -
Marburg, Ebola
Zoonotic
Reservoir of infection are chimps/monkeys
Infectious via
aerosols
Widespread
vascular damage
Incubation -
4-16 days
Early -
Flu-like symptoms (malaria)
Later -
Nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea
5-7 days -
Hemorrhaging
7-16 days -
Death
Victims bleed to death out of every
orifice
Why the
increase? Increasing deer population
Borrelia burgdorferi (Bacterium
that causes the disease)
Most
common tickborne disease in US
Transmitted to humans by infected
deer tick
Natural host (Zoonotic
reservoir)- deer and field mice
Tick is the insect vector
Bulls Eye Rash
50-70% of the cases
Disease
progression
7-10 days
post bite - typical
lesion, flu
Weeks to
months - arthritis,
heart inflammation,
neurological
problems
Years
later - brain
degeneration
Early
diagnosis and
antibiotic therapy
is key to limiting
damage
Prevention
Highest
transmission from
May - July
Light colored
pants, tucked into
socks
Insecticide
Examine for
ticks, remove
promptly
A CMU graduate
student recently
discovered he
has
contracted
Lymes disease
Bubonic Plague
14th century
Disease of
the rats as people
observed dead rats
just before the
outbreaks
Only
recently dead rats
were dangerous
leading to the
conclusion that
fleas were the
vector
Pestilence-
Yersinia pestis
Yersin-Scientist
who discovered
transmission route
using Kochs
postulates in 1894
Black Death- Dark purple color of
victims
Bubo- lymph
node
symptomatic
swelling
About
1/3 of
Europes
Population
was wiped
out.
25
million
people died
Death
for entire
villages
People
would run
from their
own families
Doctors
would not
treat
patients
Lawyers
would not
write wills
Laws
and
governments
collapsed
Worker
shortage
People
lost faith
in the
church
Upper
Respiratory
Ear,
nose, and
throat
Lower
Respiratory
Voice
box,
trachea,
lungs
Pharyngitis-
Sore
throat
Inflammation
of
mucous
membrane
Only
5-10%
are
strep
Most
are
viral
Rhinovirus
and
adenovirus
which
cause
the
common
cold
Common
Cold
Rhinovirus
cause
50%
Build
immunity
over
time
but
so
many
varieties
a
vaccine
is
difficult
Up
to
70%
of
the
population
will
carry
these
adenovirus
and
rhinovirus
and
be
asymptomatic
Endemic
disease
=
always
in
the
population
Having
antibodies
to
a
virus
does
not
mean
immunity
to
the
disease