MIMETOLITHS

Compiled by R. V. Dietrich, Professor Emeritus

INTRODUCTION*

Nearly everyone has, I suspect, looked at one thing and imagined it looked like something else.  Indeed, many observations of this kind have been recorded.  -- Four examples are: the Chinese poet Lo-tien (773-846) mentions viewing stones (see www.bonsai-nbf.org/ );  Shakespeare (1564-1616) has Hamlet exclaiming about cloud shapes that resemble "a camel," "a weasel," and "a whale" (Hamlet -- Act iii, scene 2);  Mark Twain (1835-1910) has Adam, in The Diaries of Adam and Eve, lamenting  " . . . always that same pretext is offered -- it looks like the thing.";   and Robert Williams Wood (1868-1955) in his little book How to tell the birds from the flowers . . . (1917) provides several delightful sketches and poetic remarks that pertain to such observations. – – So much for the rest of the original introduction; for anyone interested, its contents -- chiefly editorial -- are in the EPILOGUE.

It seems only prudent, however, to mention here that I strongly recommend viewing the larger versions of the illustrations, which may be seen by clicking the thumbnails.  Also, anyone who knows about other features (s)he thinks should be included, please contact me.  This file will be updated continually by adding comments about and/or illustrations of noteworthy mimetoliths not previously noted on this site.

DEFINITION +

mimetolith (m0· m‘!· tÇ· l0th) n. 1.a. a natural topographic feature, rock outcrop, rock specimen, mineral specimen, or loose stone the shape of which resembles something else -- e.g., a real or fancied animal, plant, manufactured item, or part(s) thereof.  b. a topographic feature, rock outcrop, rock specimen, mineral specimen, or loose stone, the surface pattern of which resembles a real or fancied animal, ... .  c. a topographic feature (et alia) with any combination of shape and pattern that resembles a real or fancied animal, . . . .  [Greek mimetes (an imitator) and lithos (stone);  term coined by Thomas Orzo MacAdoo,  first appeared in (Dietrich, 1989).]   Discussion:  Some people have applied this designation to forms exhibited by minerals and rocks that have been cut (e.g., sliced) or shaped (e.g., eggs and spheres) -- see, for examples, Figures 32-34, 58, 61-72 and AppB1-AppB10.   Although it has been suggested that this is an overextension of the designation, it seems quite justified because natural weathering and erosion could have exposed the features that led to such application of the term. 

Two cautions:  1.The term mimetolith should not be applied to terranes and exposures or to rocks and minerals strictly on the basis of such characteristics as their color, how they feel or smell, or any sound they emit when, for example, they are hit with another object or wind blows across or through them.  Examples of each of these categories that should not be called mimetoliths are the minerals achroite (a variety of elbaite), kyanite, purpurite, and rhodochrosite;   the rocks commonly called grease stone (soapstone), stinkstein (bituminous limestone), and phonolite (feldspathoidal trachyte);  [and]  "Whistling rock" near Esperance, Western Australian and "Roaring Cove"  (if it actually exists), Newfoundland.
                        2. Welcome to the world of equivocation/ambiguity. During the considerations and discussions Dr. MacAdoo and I had before we decided it worthwhile to introduce the term, we tried to think about all the diverse kinds of features to which future observers might apply the term. Two things we considered seem noteworthy here:  A) We do not think the term should be applied to a mineral pseudomorph (i.e., to any mineral mass that has the crystal form of another mineral rather than that characteristic of its own composition).    B) We had mixed feelings so far as applying the term to all features called by such names as natural bridge, natural arch, natural tunnel and pothole --  I do not think all so-named features should be automatically considered mimetoliths;  future usage, however, may dictate otherwise. 

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LANDSCAPES and ROCK FORMATIONS

One question, in particular, has arisen about this group:  "Should such features on the moon, planets and other celestial bodies included?".   My "off the top of my head"  answer is a rhetorical question: "Considering general application of geological nomenclature to other bodies in the universe, is there any good reason not to include such features?"    See, for example, Figures 1a, 1b and 1c.  On the other hand, I would not include such things as the following (directed to my attention by a friend who keeps abreast this web site):  "NASA's Hubble Space Telescope captures ... [the] celestial equivalent of a geode in this gas cavity carved by stellar wind.  Real geodes are baseball-sized rocks that start out as bubbles in volcanic flows."  Among other things, this quotation, a caption given for  the accompanying photograph in the Photo Gallery: Amazing Space Photos -- <http://news.aol.com ...>  (accessed 3 Oct. '07) --  relates to general ideas relating to geneses of the illustrated feature and one of the hypothesized origins for vesicles (Not geodes), rather than to appearances.  With regard to these features, in particular, and people's conceptions relating to them, one could easily get into a  discourse about apophenia, pareidolia, etc. -- i.e., so-to-speak spontaneous misperceptions based on unrelated stimuli.  I shall not.

Large scale features
	1a. "The Face of Mars," a mesa (~1.5 km across) in the Elysium region of Mars. (photo P-1174-023, taken July 25, 1976 by Viking I Orbitor; courtesy Conway W. Snyder).  Added  22 September 2006:  For more recently taken photos etc., see  http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEM09F8LURE_1.html
	1b.  "Rabbit on the Moon,"  pattern of darker areas of full moon (circumferance- 10,864 km -- i.e.,~ 6790 miles) as seen from Chile.  Clicked image consists of three parts:  Left to right, the Full moon,  the "Rabbit on the moon," and a glyph of the Mixtec culture of  Mexico.  It is hypothesized that "the Mixtecas probably saw a rabbit-like shape on the surface of the full moon, and  thus elaborated the glyph that represents the moon as a rabbit." (Patricio Bustamante, personal communication, March, 2008).   For an explanatory text (in Spanish), see http://rupestreweb.info/hierofania.html
	1c. "Peppered pasta," "bread sticks,"  "cinnamon rolls" and "mashed potatoes sprinkeld with spices" are among suggested names for this "field of spotted ... [sand] dunes ... near the Martian North Pole."  The original caption for the complete photograph (to see, click thumbnail), which spans ~3 km, indicates this appearance to be ephermal  -- i.e., during thawing "Thinner regions of ice typically thaw first revealing sand whose darkness soaks in sunlight ... [but] By summer, ... the entire dunes will then be completely thawed and dark."  (© Malin Space Science Systems, MOC, MGS, JPL, NASA: from http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html, dated 31 August 2004 ).
	2. "The Sleeping Giant," a plump face and body profile landscape that can be viewed along the northern edge of the Helena Valley, Montana.  (photo U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management).
	3.  Human-shaped landscape.  View from road between Los Perales and Céspedes of the upper Illapel River Valley in the Coquimbo Region, which is north of Valparíso, Chile.  For further information about this mimetolith, see the following web site (in Spanish): http://rupestreweb.info/entorno2.html
	4. "Pyramid" near east shore of Pyramid Lake, which is in the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe Reservation north-northeast of Sparks, Nevada.  Click thumbnail to see a sketch of John C. Fremont's expedition "paused at the Pyramid in 1844" and a recent photograph of more of the lake around the pyramid.  (© photo and sketch from www.nevadaweb.com/cnt/r-t/pyramid/, permission of David. W. Toll).
	5. "Old Man of the Mountain" (also called "Great Stone Face") is the age-old erosional remnant of granite is the state symbol of New Hampshire.  Here shown on a 1955 commemroative U.S. postage stamp, it also is the focus of the New Hampshire's $.25 coin of the U.S. sates series.  This granite profile (height ~12.5 m.), which jutted out as a cliff from near the top of Cannon Mountain near Franconia Notch, was held together for several decades by steel rods etc. until May 2, 2003, when it met a Humpty Dumpty fate.  The fall, which destroyed the profile, led to several diverse suggestions as to what might be done to the remains -- see, for example, Susan Ager (Detroit Free Press, 11 May 2003, p.K1).  (© photo of stamp by Malcolm Back).
	6. "Grey Man of the Merrick" rock exposure on the northwestern side of the NE-SW trending niche between Redstone Rig and Craig Neldricken about 0.5 km southwest of the southwestern lobe of Loch Enoch, about 18 km N.11o E. of Newton-Stewart in the Dumfries and Galloway Region of the Southern Uplands of southwestern Scotland. (© photo by Douglas E. Wilcox; see www.gla.ac.uk/medicalgenetics/gallery).
	7. "von Hindenburg with his earmuffs on," an erosion remnant of diversely colored sandstones of the Wasatch Formation  in Bryce Canyon, Utah.  (© photo by Dick Dietrich).

Others in the literature: Several natural features that occur sporadically on our Earth have been given names that support their status as mimetoliths. Two of the larger ones are the "Horn of Africa" -- i.e., the Somali Peninsula of East Africa that so-to-speak juts into the Arabian Sea -- that apparently was so-named because its shape was seen to resemble that of a rhinoceros horn and Michigan's lower peninsula that is frequently referred to as a mitten.  Examples of other relatively large mimetoliths, such as those shown in Figures 1-7, follow:

• Cathedral Mountain -- the one west of Lake Louise, Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada (see www.cathedralmountain.com/).
• Chimney Rock -- the one south of the North Platte River, southeast of Scottsbluff, in western Nebraska  (see www.nebraskahistory.org/sites/rock/).
• Desert crescents (i.e., barchan dunes) -- e.g., those that occur sporadically in the Sahara desert of Africa; crescent shapes can be seen best from the air.
• Devil's Postpile -- columnar basalt along the John Muir Trail about 10 miles southeast of Yosemite National Park, California; note also that the eroded top of this mass is referred to as "Mother Nature's Tile Floor." (see www.choisser.com/gallery/posttour.html).
• Elephant Foot glacier -- this feature consists largely of glacial ice (a rock!).  It located on the east coast of Greenland (80.5ºN latitute, 18ºW longitude).  See the form as photographed in July 1997 by Philippe Huybrechts  on the internet --  http://homepages.vub.ac.be/~phuybrec/images-big/elephant.html).  So far as I know, the current appearance of the form has not been described or photographed.
  
• Ewuana or Face Rock, which is off shore in the Pacific Ocean about a mile south of Brandon, Oregon, has a profile that closely resembles the profile of a female's head (see http://pdxsurr.blogspot.com/2006_01_01_archive.html  for a photograph and some Coquille Indian lore about this formation).
  
• Fairy chimneys -- basalt-capped tuff erosion forms in the Cappadocia region of central Turkey -- some resemble Saturday Night Live's "coneheads;" others look more like mushrooms.  (see www.hat.net and www.villacappadocia.com).
• "Fairyland"  --  described as "1,000 grey sandstone sentinels of fantastic shapes," photographs show  "The Sea-horse," "The Vulture" and "The Wolf," and mention The Camel"  and "The Sitting Hen."  Area is located near the edge of the Klein Drakensberg escarpment of the Kruger National Park,  in the Graskop area of Mpumalanga, South Africa.  (see www.graskop.co.za/jock/index.html).
  
• Fort Rock -- an ancient volcanic crater, near the town of Fort Rock, northwestern Lake County, 0regon, that looks like a citadel with one of its sides breached (see www.wukkisorubgsqyestranch.com/fortrockpix.html).
• Goosenecks -- especially those of the San Juan River, west of Mexican Hat, southeastern Utah (see www.desertusa.com/goout/du_goout_vvc.html#anchor737098 and the lead photo on www.magnum-hd.com/RoadTrip9c.html).
• Guardian of Deseret -- sometimes referred to as "naturally carved" lava, this feature, in Millard County, Utah, was apparently seen by early Mormons to resemble Joseph Smith, their founder, in profile (see geology.about.com).
• Kannesteinen -- sometimes called "pot rock," is a wave eroded feature on Vågsøy, which is about 10 km west of Måløy on the west coast of Norway (about twothirds of the way from Bergen towards Alesund).  It is shaped like a goblet or a mushroom, the latter of which in the local parlance were called "kannes."  Several photographs of this rock are displayed on internet web sites.
  
• "Lincoln's profile" -- topographic profile exhibited by a group of mountains west of Route 54, north of Van Horn, Texas.
• Little Flowerpot -- a lake-eroded stack near the shore of Flowerpot Island in Lake Huron, near Tobermory, Ontario, Canada:  In order to preserve this tourist attraction, Parks Canada has shored up the open lake side of this mimetolith and so-to-speak paved the top of it with asphalt.  (for photographs, see www.marineinsureservices.com/Photos3;  for sketch, see  ndtoth.tripod.com/nicksphotos/id4).
• Mollys Knob (locally called "Molly's Nipple") -- a prominence underlain by shale in Smyth County, southwestern Virginia.
• Pair of Mittens  --  "East and West Mitten Buttes" in Monument Valley, northeastern Arizona  (see www.americansouthwest.net/utah/monument_valley/mvbutte.html).
• Pancake Rocks -- along the shore of Paparoa National Park, about 55 km southof Westport, on the west shore of South Island, New Zealand consist of differentially weathered alternating layers of limestone and mudstone (see, www.dingwerth.de/Bjoern/photography/nz_1999/pancake).
• Pulpit rock -- as a child, I was shown one near Oxbow, Jefferson County, New York;  while a Fulbright Research Professor in Norway, I saw the world-famous one, described as a "natural rock formation with a 25 meter squared plateau [that] stands 604 meters above the sea" on the south side of Lysefjord, in Rogaland county near Stavanger. (see www.stavanger-web.com/touristinfo/prekestol.htm); others are relatively common here and there around the world.
• Shiprock -- a volcanic neck in northwestern New Mexico.  The Navahos, to whom it is sacred, see it otherwise -- they call it Tse Bi dahi ("Rock with Wings"); the resemblance they see includes the dikes that extend outward from the central neck; the sacred aspect stems from an ancient legend that has the rock representing the great bird that transported ancestral Navahos to the area.
• Sugar Loaf (Pão de Açucar) -- the granite porphyry dome in Guanabana Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (see www.peakware.com/encyclopedia/peaks/photos/sugarloaf).
• Teapot rock (Wyoming) -- this mass, which gained its notoriety because of the Teapot Dome scandal of Warren Harding's presidency, no longer has its spout  (see before and after photographs on Andrew Alden's web site - geology.about.com).
• Tent rocks -- conical teepee-shaped erosion remnants -- some up to 90 feet high -- in Recent volcanic debris (chiefly pumice and tuff) of the Jemez volcanic field, near the Cochiti dam, about 35 miles west-southwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico.  In 2001, Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument was established to assure preservation of these forms and the surrounding area. (For photographs showing these forms see the web site kevingong.com/hiking/TentRocks.htm.)
• The Hunter and His Dog (sometimes referred to as The Old Man and His Dog) and other rock outcrop features given such names as Elephants Head, The Singing Bird, and The Smuggler can be viewed from or near Vermont Route 108 in the Smugglers Notch area northeast of Stowe, Vermont 
• Totem Pole -- this feature and several other erosional forms, many of which resemble people and animals, occur in chiefly volcanic rocks at Chiricahua National Monument, southwest of Willcox, southeastern Arizona.
• Whale's Back -- a small island in the Saint Lawrence River, southwest of Oak Point, Town of Hammond, St. Lawrence County, New York.
• Whiskey Island (of the Beaver Island Group of northern Lake Michigan) -- Lore has it that the kitelike shape of this island led to its name because of the old saying that one who has drunk much whiskey is sometimes "higher than a kite."

Whale's Back (next to last on the preceding list) -- from which I fished as a youngster and later mapped while working on my doctoral dissertation -- served as an early incentive, so far as spurring me on, to look at profiles of islands, mountains, inter alia, to see if they might remind me of anything else.  Subsequently, I have enjoyed looking for  (and finding!!)  mimicking shapes exhibited by many landscapes -- especially mountainscapes and seascapes -- here and there around the world. The fact that several people have "seen" such resemblances led to compilation of the Minnesota Museum of Mississippi's database, presented as the "Stone Faces Gazetteer" on the internet (see  http://www.mnmuseumofthems.org/Faces/Index.html).   That site gives locations and a few photographs, of natural mimicking features -- faces, profiles involving cliff faces and other outcrops and boulders (some enhanced by, for example, paint to exhibit more clearly the "seen" feature), and other anthropomorphic features including several "sleeping giants" -- most of which are in the United States of America.  Three additional web sites of interest so far as these kinds of mimetoliths are "'Indian Heads' and other humanoid rocks" (http://astro.wsu.edu/worthey/astro/html/im-indian-heads/indian.html) and "Stone-Faced Sober," which shows several examples in the Laurentians north of Montreal, Canada (http://www.pbase.com/alkeme/stonefaced_sober).

Speleothems (i.e., cave formations), many of which are mimetoliths, occur in many caves throughout the world. Examples of fairly common speleothems that have been given names indicating what they resemble include the following: angel hair, bacon strips, draperies, frostwork, honeycombs, parachutes, shields, soda straws, and veils; flowers, needles and pearls (usually preceded either by the word cave or the name of the component mineral, as an adjective). In addition, several commercial caves feature formations to which they have given names such as "The Great (Pipe) Organ," "Christmas trees," and "Eagle's nest."   Of these latter, less common forms, my favorite is "Abraham Lincoln's Profile" in Longhorn Cavern State Park, Burnet, Texas. Many of these features can be seen on web sites that list caves/caverns/grottoes.

Speleothems
	11. Draperies and bacon rind speleothems (no dimension specified) in Wolf River Cave (known locally as "Blowing Cave"), Pall Mall, Tennessee, near the estate of the famous Alvin C. (Sergeant) York. (© photo by Jay Greene, courtesy James Greene).
	12.Bacon rind, calcite speleothem approximately 15 to 30 cm wide on the inclined ceiling of the entrance room in Las Grutas de Bustamante, Bustamante, Nuevo León, México.  (courtesy of Thomas Shimer and Shannon Woodward, Texas A&M University at Galveston Biospeleology class, 2002).
	13. Cluster of soda straws (no dimension specified) in "A Classic TAG ["TAG refers to an area of heavy concentration of caves located at the junction of the states of Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia, USA."] Commercial Cave." (© photo by Jay Greene, courtesy James Greene).
	14. "Frostwork on popcorn and boxwork" in Wind Cave, Custer County, South Dakota.  Remarkably, the crystals and "popcorn" resemble two kinds of frost per se that I saw while spending a year in Norway;  although a native of the St. Lawrence River Valley of northern New York, where plants (etc.) are frequently frost-covered, I had not previously seen popcorn-shaped frost.  (photo by Keven Downey & Urs Widmer, from the Wind Cave National Park Service web site -- http://www.nps.gov/wica/ ).
	15. Gypsum flower (size not specified) in "A Classic TAG Commercial Cave." (© photo by Jay Greene, courtesy James Greene).
	16. "Butterfly"  ("wing span" ~ 22 cm) helictite in the Caverns of Sonora, Sutton County, Texas. --Helictite is the name given stalactites whose growth are controlled largely by forces other than gravity.  (© photo by Jack Burch, courtesy of the Caverns of Sonora).

MINERALS, ROCKS and STONES

Most mimetoliths included in this group are in museum and private collections or on beaches and in gravel pits -- several of the illustrated examples representing the last two environments were photographed and left for others to collect should they want them.  All of these mimetoliths are smaller than most of those mentioned and illustrated under the preceding subheadings.

Many mineral and rock specimens that can be designated as mimetoliths have undergone preparatory procedures -- e.g., extraneous material has been removed.  However, the original shapes, which comprise their mimicking components, have not been altered by those procedures. Cross-shaped twinned crystals of staurolite are probably the most widely known examples of mimetoliths of this category.  Although some of these crosses occur loose where they have weathered out of their host rock, many have been freed from their surrounding minerals by collectors and preparators.  These mimetoliths, which resemble either  Roman and Maltese crosses are frequently referred to in the vernacular as "fairy stone crosses."   (In any case, it seems noteworthy that its so commonly occurring as cross-shaped twinned crystals led to its name, staurolite, which is based on the Greek word stauros (meaning "cross").

Mineral Specimens (Dana System order)
	21. "The Dragon" (height - 11.5 cm), gold from the Colorado Quartz mine, Mariposa County, California is said by Jeff Scovil to be the finest gold specimen on matrix in the world.  Houston Museum of Natural Science collection.  (© photo by Jeff Scovil).
	22. "Auric Geezer, the old prospector" [R.V.D.'s designation] (height - 5.8 cm) gold specimen  from Khoral deposit, Tuva (+Charal, Tuvainskaja A.S.S.R. in some atlases), which is approximately 500 km east of the southwestern tip of Lake Baikal, Russia.  Specimen is in Fersman Mineralogical Museum of the Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia -- see Leibov, 2004.  (© photo by Michael Leibov).
	23. "The Buffalo" (height ~ 14 cm) – silver crystals and native copper from the Calumet and Hecla mine, "most likely one of the Kearsarge mines or the Wolverine mine". John T. Reeder collection, #1726, A.E. Seaman Mineral Musem, Michigan Technological University.  (© photo by George Robinson).
	24. "Sir Walter Raleigh and his first cigar" (height ~ 6 cm) – nodular "psilomelane" from Crimora mine, Augusta Co., Virginia.  (© photo by G.K. McCauley).
	25. Plane-bounded "Heart" (height ~3.2 cm) – twinned calcite, which exhibits phantoms, from Fivemile Point, Keweenaw County, Michigan;  specimen found by Bob Williams in 1975 is currently in the Pam and Jerry Hall collection.  (© photo by John Jaszczak).
	26. "The Snail" (width - 8 cm),  rhodochrosite on crystallized manganite from the N'chwaning Mine in Kuruman, South Africa.  Bill Larson collection.  (© photo by Jeff Scovil).
	27. "Heart" (width -1.3 cm) of smithsonite from San Antonia El Grande Mine, Chihuahua, Mexico.  (© photo by Gabriele L. Berndt).
	28. "Candelabra" (overall size ~ 25 x 23 x 15 cm) – red, white, and blue, color-zoned tourmaline (elbaite) crystals with quartz, albite and lepidolite from the Tourmaline Queen mine, near Pala, San Diego County, California.  NMNH #132377. (© photo by Dane Penland; courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution). A photograph of another fine predominantly tourmaline and quartz mimetolith, the "Steamboat," may be seen in Dietrich (1985 -- Plate IV, Figure IVb ).

Although most of the mimetoliths illustrated in the Loose Stones, Miscellany and À la carte groups are rocks, only those shown here as Figures 31 through 39 seem best designated simply as Rocks and Rock Specimens.

Rocks and Rock Specimens
	31. "Owl eyes" (width ~16 cm) is orbicular granite from the Matopos Granite, near Rhodes' Grave, Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia).  Owl collection of Margaret Gibson, Corlette, New South Wales, Australia.  (© photo by Craig Gibson).
	32. Graphic granite:  Left, sphere (diameter - 9 cm) from the Little Three mine, Ramona, San Diego County, California;  right, plane surface of a specimen, locality unknown.  Patterns exhibited by  these rocks are widely described as resembling letters of  the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets or cuneiform inscriptions;  indeed, non-English names that are given these rocks in several languages reflect this perception -- e.g., French - pierre hébraïque and German - Schriftgranit.  (© photos by David London, University of Oklahoma).
	33."The Fallen Queen" the shape of which resembles that of a queen chess piece;  length of slab (clicked image) - 12.5 cm;  the entity in the thumbnail "seems to be a fragment of a crinoid column, probably from near the top of the column where it joins the crown.  The alternation of wide and narrow columnals [(stem segments)] occurs in several genera and quick perusal of the Treatise volumes suggests that the specimen may have been a member of the Flexibilia.  All the debris in the slab is echinodermal, with various fragments and orientations of columnals." (J. Thomas Dutro, Jr.,  personal communication, 2007).  The slab is said to have been collected from Mississippian strata exposed on the C.B. Lambert Ranch at San Saba in central Texas. (© photo by Mel Hixson).
	34. "Wow! -- I am startled." polished slab (greatest dimension -15 cm) of Cycadoidea armor showing cones with leaf bases. From a conglomerate of the Cedar Mountain Formation northwest of Moab, Utah.  (© photo by Richard  Dayvault).
	35. "E.T."  weathered surface of a block (width ~ 40 cm) of a silificifed concretionary sandstone, termed  "swirly sandstone" by Dayvault and Hatch (2005), of the Cedar Mountain Formation just west of Arches National Park, northwest of Moab, Utah. (© photo by Richard  Dayvault).
	36. Butte -- Potsdam Sandstone cone (width - 25 cm) formed either as shear cone during post-glacial doming/sheeting or as the result of man-imposed percussion. Specimen  from Michael W. Johnston of Hammond,  St.  Lawrence  County,  New York.  (© photo by Dick Dietrich).
	37. "Between Worlds" (height ~ 20 cm), noted as "A convergence of cultural and religious symbology." An unidentified rock exposure in Santa Monica Mountains, near Ventura, California. (© photo J. Madison Rink, http://www.rinkarte.com/PrimitiveNature/TheShaman.html).
	38. "Face" (width ~ 10 mm). Jasper from the Urals, where the Russians call it "agate-jasper."  Cut and polished by goldsmith Vasili Litchidov, now in the Netherlands, while in Uzbekistan (formerly USSR).   (© photos by Vasili Litchidov).
	39. "Human footprint" mimetolith (knife gives scale) in unidentifed rocks said to be more than 100 million years old in Oklahoma --see Monroe, 1987.  (© 1975, Oklahoma Today magazine. Reprinted with permission).
	40. Kikkaseki, "stone/rock of chrysanthemum flower" ("flower" width ca. 2.7 cm), from Gifu Prefecture, central Japan -- a metamorphic rock that contains clusters of carbonate crystals (dolomite, calcite and/or aragonite) arranged in a radial manner.  (© photo courtesy Nobuo Ishihara).

Most stones that are viewed as mimetoliths are tektites or beach- or stream-abraded stones;  a few are ventifacts -- i.e., stones that have undergone wind erosion.  All of those illustrated are just as they were picked up -- i.e., they have undergone no preparatory procedures.

Several resemblance-based adjectives are applied to tektites.  In most cases, each is followed by a hyphen and the word "shaped."  Along with those noted in the caption of Figure 40, additional fairly common designations include ball, bean, bowl, button, disk, gherkin, hourglass, mushroom, and pear as the first word of the hyphenated adjective -- e.g., ball-shaped . . . .

Tektites

40. Tektites. Upper row (left to right) -- peanut-shaped indochinite;  lens-shaped australite (diameter - 2.4 cm), typical of those formerly called "emu eyes" by Australian aborigines and  "Blackfellows' buttons" by some of the early white settlers of Australia; dumbell-shaped phillipinite;  and cudgel-shaped australite.  Bottom row -- diverse teardrop-shaped tektites from different localities.  (© composite made up of images from a photo by David Britain).

Several water worn stones,  ranging in size from small pebbles to large boulders, have shapes that resemble other things.  Also, as already mentioned, some loose stone mimetoliths are ventifacts.  The ever increasing list of things "seen" as imitated -- along with those noted in captions of the illustrations -- include the following, each of which I have seen or otherwise verified:  ape's head, coins (discs), eyes (e.g., thomsonite "eyestone" pebbles), a heart, "Indian beads" (e.g., segments of fossil crinoid "stems"), a Laplander's hat (or shoe), a loon, a man on a donkey, a number of letters (e.g., F, S, & D – see illustration in the GNEISS entry of the "GemRocks . . ." pages) and numbers (e.g., 5, 7, & 8 and the Roman numeral 20 -- i.e., XX), diverse mushrooms, Pinocchio, "Really?" (a questioner), a smiling fraternal elk with his fez on, a sprinter crossing the finish line, a tadpole, George Washington's bust, "toothy bald man," and a whale.   In addition (not seen by me), a  recently described meteorite (Anon. Sports Illustrated. 2003. 98(#19):24) seems to be a mimetolith that belongs in this group:  Along with an illustration, it is reported:  ". . . 'home plate meteorite.' The 18-by-18-inch space-rock . . . fell in a meteorite shower 1,000 years ago in Chile and is expected to fetch $65,000- $80,000 at auction.   Its owner, Darryl Pitt . . . acquired the piece from London's Natural History Museum partly because it looked like home plate. 'That hadn't occurred to the cricket-playing British,' says Pitt, who hopes a big league team enters the bidding. 'The Houston Astros would be a natural.' he says."

Note:  The stones shown in Figures 41 through 46  were collected from ancient and present-day beaches on Beaver Island, Charlevoix County, Michigan (those shown in Figures 41 through 44 are taken from photos by David Darst).   

Loose Stones
	41. Left, "Butterfly and reeds," Oriental brush painting (specimen height ~ 5.5 cm) - chert with bryozoan fossils(?) constituting dark areas;  right,  "Chinese pagoda" - transection of a fossil crinoid stem in limestone.
	42. Left, "Potato head" (height - 5 cm) limestone ;  right, "Cyclops" dolomitic limestone, the eye of which is a coral, Class Anthozoa, Order Tabulata(?).
	43. Top, "Petroglyph" (greatest dimension - 5.5 cm) - image consists of two different corals: "critter" is coral or bryozoan, otherwise unidentified;  underscoring consists of tabulate coral fossils.   Bottom:  Left,  "Star-eyed smiling, grouper" - the star eye is a cross-section of a crinoid columnal;  right, "Moon fish" - the eye is a relatively simple ring-shaped crinoid columnal.
	44. "Marshmallow rabbit" (greatest width - 6.5 cm) Easter treat - calcite-cemented sandstone.
	45. "Mother and child" (height - 4.5 cm) - highly weathered sliver (greatest thickness - 5 mm) of fine-grained sandstone from highlevel wind-eroded beach deposit on Beaver Island, Antrim County, Michigan.  An impure iron-cemented quartzite collected on the Lake Superior beach at Whitefish Point, Luce County, Michigan serves as the background in the clicked image.  (© photo by Dick Dietrich).
	46. "Michigan's lower peninsula" (height - 9 cm) - both the pattern, which is an otherwise unidentified coral, and the "background" rock are dolostone;  photo is reversed in order to exhibit this image.  (© photo by Dick Dietrich)           A granitic rock found near Weidman, Isabella County, Michigan and its caption is also shown when this thumbnail is clicked.  It also seems noteworthy that another rock with the general shape of the lower peninsula of Michigan, which is now adorned with painted-on features and places, that was found by Harry Diehl in Broomfield Township, Isabella County , Michigan is illustrated and described by Razenberger (2005).
	47. "Frog" -- i.e., a squashed roadkill(?) frog (longest dimension of host cobble -- see clicked image -- ~16 cm), from Rockport, Alpena County, Michigan.  This "frog" is a remnant of a fossil solitary rugose coral;  the cobble is a limestone with shale partings, apparently derived from the Devonian Traverse Group of the Michigan Basin Sequence.  The specimen was found by Elizabeth Shaw Antkowiak in what I suspect is beach desposit of ancestral Lake Huron when it was at a higher level during post-Pleistocene isostaic rebound in response to deglaciation of the region.  (© photo by Elizabeth Antkowiak).
	48.  "Samurai Stone" (greatest dimension - 4.3 cm).  The white exhibited by this limestone pebble, which Maziar Nazari sees as resembling a 'samurai' (and our mutual friend, George Robinson, sees as an 'angel'?), is the remains of the 'petals' or ambulacral areas of the echinoid Echinolampus sp. found in the Alborz Mountains, north of Tehran, Iran. (© photo by Maziar Nazari, Azad University of Ashtiyan, Tehran, Iran)..
	49.  "The Nosy Neighbor" (height ~ 11.5 cm) from a dry creek bed in Central Kentucky.  (© photo by Michael Capek, www.aestheticsense.org)
	50.  “Rocks with faces” - clicked image (="B") includes four of these stones: A.“Sleeping rock,” B. unnamed, C.“The alien,” D. “A Picasso.”  Each of these stones, which range from small pebble to small boulder in size,  was collected near Fanny Bay, on the east coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. (© photos by Glen Peters, the collector)

Others in the literature: The following "hand specimen size" mimetoliths do not fit readily into either of the above subgroups: Aragonite, Barite and Gypsum roses -- for illustrations of these features, see Figure 51, below, and photographs on the following web sites, respectively -- math.cochise.edu/~mathsci/phpwiki/index.php/Aragonite%20Rose  &  www.greatsouth.net/p-M102.html.  Concretions -- diverse concretions such as imatra stones, which have been seen to resemble several things such as buttons (see Figure 52, below); so-called sand spikes from Imperial County, southern California (Sanborn, 1976, p.82);  and septaria, of which small ones have been called "beetle stones" and larger ones, as  "turtle backs" (see Figure 53, below).  Liesegang bands -- see Figure 55, below.  Pele's hair -- natural, typically brown-colored glass hairs some with diameters measuring less than a half millimeter and some with lengths measuring up to a couple meters (see Figure 56, below); an anecdote indicates how much these may resemble animal hair -- a handful I collected in Hawaii, before it became a state, was shipped along with several other rocks back stateside was confiscated (apparently by a Department of Agriculture inspector, who replaced it with a note to the effect that "hair is organic and can not be shipped into the United States."   Pele's tears -- small nearly spherical or tear-shaped glassy masses commonly associated with Pele's hair.

Several additional rocks exhibit diverse mimicking forms and "scenes;"  a few are described and a few illustrated, in the "GemRocks" file on this web site -- e.g., see the succeeding listed resemblance-based terms under in the following entries:  AGATE- eye, oxeye, owl-eye, flame, fortification, frost, joshua tree, moss, pagoda(stone), plume, polka dot, pom pom, ruin, snake skin, star, topographic (also,  photographs of a few of these are also given in Appendix B of this file);  AMPHIBOLE ROCKS - Arizona zebra stone;  ARGILLITE - zebra rock;  BRECCIA - ruin aragonite and ruin marble;  CHLORASTROLITE - turtle back;  CONGLOMERATE: puddingstones;  DATOLITE - sugar stone;  THE JADES - leopard, morning dew, moss in snow, snowflake;  JASPER - leopardskin, picture, poppy-patterned, scenic, zebra;  LEOPARDITE and LEOPARD ROCKS;  MARBLE, . . . - landscape and ruin marbles and limestones;  OBSIDIAN - Apache tears, peanut, snowflake;  PORPHYRY - Chinese writing stone, chrysanthemum stone, mouse-track porphyry, flowerstone (etc.);  RHODONITE - spider web;  RHYOLITE - birdseye;  SANDSTONE - picture, scenic;  SEPTARIUM - the aforementioned beetle stones and turtle backs;  TURQUOISE - cobweb, spider web, and turtle back turquoise matrix;  [and]  VARISCITE - turtle back.

It also seems noteworthy that several fairly common fossils or their parts are frequently referred to by names of something they resemble -- e.g., brain, chain, and horn corals, and Iowa's state fossil, crinoids, which are frequently referred to as "sea lillies."  In addition, some scientifically accepted generic and species names have been based on things the fossils were seen to resemble -- e.g., the bryozoan Archimedes (generic name), which has a shape that resembles a device widely credited to Archimedes (ca. 287-212 B.C.) that was used in the mideast, especially in ancient Egypt, to remove bilgewater from boats and to lift water from streams to irrigate nearby lands (see Figure 57).

In addition, it should be recalled that a fairly large number of mineral and rock specimens have been identified as pseudofossils because they resemble certain fossils. -- The already twice-mentioned septaria, which have been frequently been misidentified as fossil turtles (see Figure 53), are but one example.

Miscellany
	51. Gypsum rose, also called "Desert Rose," as depicted on a Tunisian postage stamp.  (© photo of stamp by Richard Busch, (see stampmin.home.att.net/), used by permission).
	52. Imatra stones (Finnish - imatrankivi). For untold decades, these mimetolithic "stones" (a type of carbonate oconcretion) have been characterized as petrified money (etc.) and used as toys and trinkets (each named on the basis of its fancied, imitative shape).   Historically important lithographs and heliographs and a photograph of a few of these concretions are shown, along with their captions, when this thumbnail is clicked.
	53. Septarium concretions, such as this one (coin gives scale) in the Beaver Island Museum, St. James, Michigan, have frequently been misidentified, and even mislabeled in collections(!), as fossil turtles.  (© photo by David Darst).
	54. "Twin Peaks," a concretionary mass of calcite (greatest dimension ~ 7.5 cm) from Cretaceous shale in the Shelby-Cut Bank area of northern Montana.  This mimetolith, Stewart Monroe's "worry stone," has been seen to resemble diverse features including a pair of volcanic cones with breached craters.  (© photo by Sue Monroe).
	55. "Bull's eye" (diameter of outer ring ~ 6.5 cm) liesegang rings or bands, which are the thin reddish brown iron-rich (hematite and/or goethite and/or "limonite") zones in this lighter colored sandstone, from an unknown locality. (© photo by Sue Monroe).
	56. Pele's hair. "Hundreds of strands . . . intertwined on the surface of a pahoehoe [ropy lava] flow at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. The glass strands were erupted from Mauna Ulu, a shield that formed on the east rift of Kilauea between 1969 and 1974." (http://volcanoes. usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary). (photo by D.W. Peterson, U.S. Geological Survey).
	57. "Archimedes screw" - Top left, diagram of water-screw invented by Archimedes about 2250 years ago (drawn after diagrams in a number of publications);  top right, sketch of Archimedes sp. , a bryozoan (redrawn after sketch in "North America index fossils," 1944 edition);  bottom, fossil and matrix (block ~13 x 8 cm) from Mississippian age strata of Missouri. (© photo by Sigmund J. Kardas, Jr., used by permission from www.kardas.net/Fos).
	58.  Sakura ishi - "Cherryh Blossom Stones" -- (average diameter ~6 cm) from Kameoka, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.  Masutomi Museum specimens.  The "stones" are sericite pseudomorphs after sixling twins of cordierite.  Minor amounts of hematite give the reddish hue evident in some of these specimens.  (© photo by John Rakovan).
	59.  "Seahorse" -  This composite (height ~8 cm) consists of calcite crystals (back, etc.), calcite-cemented mud/sand (body), and part of a Mercenaria permagna (Conrad 1838) shell (tail) from the Pleistocene Nashua Formation.  It was collected at Rucks' Pit in Fort Drum, Okeechobee County, Florida.  (© photo by Mickey Cecil)
	60.  “Alien skull fossil” - Calcite deposit on mudstone of the Jurassic-Cretaceous “Great Valley sequence,” collected at Knoxville-Berryessa Road, Napa County, California. (© photo by Marc Leukhardt)

À la carte
	Àlc1. "Soft boiled egg"  with a fire opal yolk.  This specimen of M. Budil, which is from Mezezo, Shewa Province, Ethiopia, was exhibited at the Münchner Mineralientagen 2005;  the large (clicked) photograph was originally published in the Novembre-Décembre 2005 issue of "Le Règne Minéral" along with the following caption:  "Une touche d'humour bienvenue avec une des merveilleuses interprétations de dame Nature. Admettez que si les humains ne mangeaient pas d'eufs à la coque,  ce spécimen serait d'une banalité evidenté."  [[Free translation:  A welcome bit of humor which is one of Mother Nature's marvelous constructions. [--]  You have to admit  [, however,]  that if humans didn't eat soft-boiled eggs, this specimen would be only an obvious banality.]]    (© photo by Louis-Dominique Bayle;  digital file furnished by Eloïse Gaillou, gemologist at the University of Nantes;  reprinted here with permission from L.-D. Bayle).
	Àlc2.  "Grapefruit rock"  --  although "breaks in the 'segments' display a reddish color, ... [and thus it is off-color so far as its grapefruit-like appearance, this specimen (diameter ~13 cm)]  resembles in size, shape ... a partially peeled grapefruit  with five segments and a rind" (Robert Mansfield, personal communication, 2006).;  found in the bed of Dry Creek, Hardin County, Tennessee.    In any case, the specimen "appears to be the internal mold of a spatangoid echinoid" (J.Thomas Dutro, personal communication, 2007).  Fay Myhan collection.  (© photo by Robert Mansfield).
	Àlc3.  "Bunyan's burger" (height  ~ 1.5 m), also called "Hamburger Hill," is an erosional remnant (a concretion, I suspect) in the North Coyote Buttes area of the Paria Wilderness in northern Arizona.  One story promulgated about this mimetolith is that  that Paul Bunyan dropped this sandwich when he became confused during a sandstorm, and it subsequently was petrified.  (© photo by John Schwieder, www.wildernesspics.com).
	Àlc4.   "Hot dog" -- i.e., frankfurter/weißwurst (length -11.3 cm).  This abraded piece of a colonial coral (Class Anthozoa, Order Scleractinia) was picked up from a "wash" on a beach on the south side of Aruba of the Netherlands Leeward Islands of the south Caribbean Sea.  (© photo by Dick Dietrich).
	Àlc5.  "Leg of lamb - with lots of fat" (length ~18 cm). This section of a quartz vein, with the "meat" surface on the end consisting of a natural "iron oxide" (hydroxide?), was found in Fountain Hills, east of Scottsdale, Arizona.  (Unlike the fare represented by the mimetoliths shown as Figures Àlc3 & Àlc4, this one is for the gourmet.)  Mary Lofgren collection, Green Lake, Wisconsin.  (© photo by Maria K. Dietrich).

As already implied, mineral and rock specimens the names of which are preceded by color adjectives related to, for example, flowers (e.g., rose or lilac) are not mimetoliths.  Contrariwise, specimens that consists of two or more colors, the patterns of which resemble some animate or inanimate object, are mimetoliths -- see definition 1.b.  Three examples are 1) graphic granite, also known as runite and by similar names in several non-English languages -- all names are based on the fact that this rock, which consists of quartz "rods" within a continuum of a potassium feldspar,  exhibits a  pattern that roughly resembles letters of cuneiform inscriptions or letters of the Hebrew or Arabic alphabets when cut perpendicular or nearly so to the lengths of the rods (see Figure A in the GRAPHIC GRANITE entry of the GEMROCKS FILE as well as Figure 32 in this file).  2) Orbicular rocks, the orbicules of which have certain arrangements -- when broken or sliced these rocks may exhibit forms such as those shown in Figure 31 and in Figure D in the GRANITE entry in the GEMROCKS file.  [and]  3) Kikkaseki, the Japanese name of which translates as "stone/rock of chrysanthemum flowers" -- as can be seen (Figure 33), the designation is quite appropriate.   The spotted olivine gabbro called troctolite (from the Greek), forellenstein (German), or troutstone (vernacular English) is another fairly well-kown -- at least by petrographers -- example;  each of these names directs attention to the rock’s appearance, hand-specimens of which are typically speckled "like a trout."   In addition, I cannot resist mentioning one of the most intriguing rock specimens I have ever seen: It is a hornblende syenite pebble that exhibits many diverse mimicking images, some consisting of dark hornblende surrounded by light pink feldspar, others the feldspar surrounded by the hornblende, still others involving both minerals so-to-speak in concert.

Calling specimens, such as the agates shown as Figures 61 through 73, mimetoliths appears to pose a problem for some people:  They consider the fact that most such mimicking images have become apparent as the result of chance cuts by lapidaries rather than as the result of natural weathering to be unacceptable so far as calling these specimens mimetoliths.  In my opinion,  their problem is unfounded  -- see definition 1.b. and the discussion at the end of the definition.  To elaborate further on the essence of this "problem" -- these features, most of which  have "come to light" as the result of chance (so-to-speak random), rather than predictable, cuts could have been exhibited as the result of weathering and erosion (e.g., see Figures 41 through 48 + 49);  that is to say,  the features were there(!!) --  they were only exposed,  not put there,  by the lapidary.  Along this line, a lapidary, who had a rather sizeable display of such agates, told me that he was sure he had been predestined to find such agates and to make the correct cuts to find images they held.   It seems especially noteworthy here that the history for the "owl" exhibited by the specimen shown as Figure 71 indicates its recognition was exceptional:  "It was  sold as rough material ... broke along a fracture plane ...[and it was] recognized that there was some form of pattern in [it, so the purchaser ]  elected to grind the specimen instead of cutting it with a saw.  The more he ground ... the more prevalent the image of the owl became." ( Brad Cross, personal communication, 2005).  Also noteworthy:  Gabriele Berndt sent photographs of additional agate slabs -- e.g.,  those that resemble "two roosters," a "little white dog" and a "dragon" --  I chose the ones shown as Figures 67, 69, 71 and 73 as my favorites; and Bob Beudry shows several agates, which he calls "Picture agates," that exhibit mimetoliths on his web site (www.fireagate.com) -- e.g., those that resemble an owl, deer, fish, sad clown, and even an eight-ball -- of which my panel and I chose the two shown as Figures 70 and 72 for inclusion on this site. In addition, it should be noted that some mimetoliths of this genre have been discovered by people while slicing and polishing thunder eggs.

Agates  (See also Appendix B.)
	61.  "Virgin Mary" (height - 14 cm),  a "Condor Agate," is from San Rafael , Mendoza Province, Argentina.  www.rexpler.com.ar  collection. (© photo courtesy of the Birnies).
	62. “Leaping Lena,  the cloud-hopping angel” – notice that her name, spelled backwards (i.e., an[g]el) emphasizes her status – (egg height - 8 cm).  The white form has also been seen as resembling a youngster with water wings jumping into a body of water. (© photo by Claude Pelisson, http://www.oeufspolis.com/a_/info.html).
	63. This "Modernistic bust that so much resembles early Cycladic [southeastern Greek] sculpture was discovered when an agate boulder was cut and polished" (size not given) - quotation from Hurlbut (1970/1971);  others -- e.g., Craig Gibson (personal communication, 2006) -- see it as looking "a bit like Munch's 'The Scream'."    (photo by David Brittain:  The 35mm transparency used for this scan is one of several that David Brittain, former CMU photographer (now deceased), obtained permission from Louis Zara (1910-2001) to reproduce from his Mineral Digest for my use.).
	64. "Laughing Cyclops"  [i.e., "Cíclope Sonriente"] (diameter - 8 cm) agate from Neuquén Province, Patagonian Region, Argentina.  www.rexpler.com.ar collection. (© photo courtesy of the Birnies).
	65. "The [Comedy] Mask" (diameter - 6 cm) agate from a gravel pit near the Uruguay River in Province de Entre Rios, Argentina.  www.rexpler.com.ar collection. (© photo courtesy of the Birnies) --  A correspondent suggests that it "looks more to me like 'The Joker' from the Batman series and movies -- [especially like] Jack Nicholson in the role from the 1989 movie."
	66. "Hear Ye?" - ear-shaped agate (height ~ 5 cm).  This cut and polished Lake Superior agate from Keweenaw Point, Michigan, along with its uncut bottom area, roughly resembles a human ear.   Seaman Museum, Michigan Technological University.  (© photo by John Jaszczak; specimen collected and polished by Robert J.Barron).
	67. "Horse head" (height of slab -11 cm) agate from quarry Setz, Steinbach, Germany.  (© photo and sketch on large image by Gabriele L. Berndt).
	68. "The Feather" (height of specimen - 4.9 cm) agate from Sidi Rahal, Morocco.  (© photo by Gabriele L. Berndt).
	69. "Apache Hooded Owl" (height of "owl" ~ 5 cm) agate from Rancho La Vinata, Ejido el Apache, Chihuahua, Mexico;  Brad L. Cross collection.  Photo (and piece), which "have not been 'retouched' in any way. [i.e.,]  It  is 100% natural."  is part of announcement in "Rocks & Minerals" (80:45) of the 2005 (42nd International) Mineral, Gem and Fossil Show in Munich.  (© photo by Wayne Baker;  permission B.L.Cross;  courtesy of Johannes Keilmann, Show coordinator).
	70. "The Blue Rooster" or "The Rooster Crowing at the Sun" (diameter of piece ~ 5.3 cm) plume agate from Hindus India Valley, India -- mined  in 1996 and bow cut. Collection of Bob Beaudry, Tucson, Arizona   (© photo by Joseph J. Intili).
	71. "Bird" (height of specimen - 6 cm) agate from Neuquén Province, Patagonian Region, Argentina.  (© photo by Gabriele L. Berndt).
	72. "Coyote on Indian blanket" (width of specimen shown on clicked image, which shows complete slice framed by purpleheart wood ~15 cm) Laguna agate. Collection of Bob Beaudry, Tucson, Arizona   (© photo by Joseph J. Intili).
	73. "The Roller-skate" (width of specimen - 17 cm) agate from Agùa Nùeva, Mexico.  (© photo by Gabriele L. Berndt).
	74. "Paradise Island" agate from near Nuevo Cassa Grande, Chihuahua, Mexico. This cloud-topped island is, as can be seen on the complete specimen shown as the "clicked" image, is a fine cabochon (width - 5.2 cm).  (© photo by Dave Salyer).

Mimicking appearances of a few so-called mimetoliths of this size-group have been enhanced by dyeing and/or reshaping -- for two examples, see those that look like diverse foods that are illustrated in color in "A Thanksgiving I'll Never Forget" (see Cancalosi, 1990), and also those shown in the article "This Food's . . .  a Rock Solid Hit" (National Geographic World, October 1990).  In the latter, several rocks and minerals that resemble well-known foods are shown, but several  have had their shapes modified so should not be considered to be mimetoliths per se.   Yet another group of  specimens that might be, but should not be named, mimetoliths comprises the "alphabet agates (etc.)"  described and illustrated  by  Laurs (2003);  the shapes of these letters (etc.) were fashioned by creative cutting of agates the layers of which were selectively stained.

Earlier designations -- In 1993, Edna Hesthal of Santa Barbara, California and Tadao Okazaki of Hobara, Fukushima, Japan independently directed my attention to Suiseki, of which I was unaware before their contacts. The definition for Suiseki given in a Japanese dictionary (translated for me by Okazaki) is "A stone or a piece of rock for aesthetic appreciation. Usually displayed on a water-filled tray or a stand; [an] 'ornamental Stone'."   It seems, however, that they are much more: The photographs of suiseki sent to me by Hesthal, who calls them "viewing stones," resemble panoramic landscapes and complete or parts of animals.  Examples are shown in Figure 80.

Suiseki
	80. Suiseki. left. top, sea horse's head; bottom, "lizard stone." (top © photo by Sally Gilmore; bottom © photo by Edna Hesthal; both courtesy of Edna Hesthal);  right. top, snow-capped mountain (base sawed); bottom, desert landscape. (© photos by Sally Gilmore, courtesy of Edna Hesthal).

Anyone who wants to learn more about Suiseki could begin with the web site www.bonsai-nbf.org, continue by looking at another web site (www.felixrivera-suiseki.com/), etc.  The latter site provides text and illustrations relating to the history and several other aspects of this "art."  For example, I found that  "Japanese formalized the art of suiseki by naming various rock forms and creating precise ways to display them. [and that] Stones of great beauty were cherished and placed in a Tokonoma (viewing alcove) to be contemplated. [because] It was thought viewing of suiseki helped stimulate the person, purify one's soul and uplift one's spirit."

Some suiseki have been modified by, for example, sawing to give them a flat base.  Some so-to-speak purists consider such suiseki to be inferior to those that have not been so-altered.  In my humble opinion, this seems like ridiculous hair-splitting.  Among other things, virtually all suiseki that have sawn bases could be mounted to show the same characteristics without being sawn.

And --  As one might expect (?!?), (wo)man-fashioned mimetoliths are on the market -- e.g., see  wwwgiltedgegoblins.com.

MICROSCOPIC FEATURES

Micro-mimetoliths
	81. "Bibendum," the Michelin Man (height ~1.1 cm).  This individual is more than four times the size of most of those found;  this is quite apparent in the left hand image one sees when this thumbnail is clicked.  All these masses, which are kerogen,  are from the Antrim Formation, near Traverse City, Michigan. (see Dietrich and Chyi, 1995). (photo by David Darst).
	82. Aragonite and siderite "flower" (diameter of "flower" ~ 5 mm).  Specimen from Chastriex, Puy de Dôme, France.  Josselyne Salle Collection.  (© photomicrograph by Robert Vernet).
	83. "Medusa quartz" - Jellyfish-shaped masses of gilalite (Cu5Si6O17·7H2O) like this one occur in quartz from Paraíba State,  Brazil (Rondeau & Macri, 2005).  Collection of Michele Macri, Italian gemologist.  (© photomicrograph by Benjamin Rondeau, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France)
	84. "Praying Innocent" chondrodite surrounded by a phlogopite-rich area (field  ~ 1 x 1.5 cm).  Part of a thinsection of the impure marble that occurs near the southern contact of the the Fish Creek phacolith of Macomb township, St. Lawrence County, New York (Dietrich, 1957).  (© photomicrograph by Dick Dietrich).

Others in the literature: Three other microscopic features that may be considered mimetoliths are 1. "Whimpy" (also called "hamburger-on-a-bun") inclusions in Mexican opal -- see brief description and illustration in Crowningshield (1965);  2. a blue chalcedony that contains several red "inclusions" that is described in a news item in Volume I (1935, p.196) of Gems & Gemology as "'Blue Eagle chalcedony' ... because of its natural resemblance to the blue eagle emblem of the N.R.A. ... "  [and]  3. the "Apollo space vehicle," an otherwise unidentified inclusion in amethyst, mentioned and illustrated by Liddicoat (1968).

ENHANCED(?) MIMETOLITHS

Enhanced(?) mimetolithseicrodrawings
	90. "The Soul Stone" (height ~ 7 cm), quartz-veined biotite gneiss cobble, described as a natural cameo, was found in a back country stream southwest of Burnsville, northwest of Mt. Mitchell, Yancey County, North Carolina.   Several viewers have suggested that this figure resembles the "Bride of Frankenstein" (1935) as played by Elsa Lanchester.  L. D. Fink who found the stone, named it on the basis of its "mystical appearance" but adds that it also looks like an Egyptian or Hun lady who is looking at you over her shoulder.  (© photo by Lewis D. Fink).  Mark S. Frumkin, a professional jeweler and trained in hand engraving who has examined the  stone, thinks the pattern was hand enchased by someone using metal tools -- But,  "the graver marks I found seemed to me to be as old as the piece, almost as if it were done in another age or time. ... not modern."
	91. "Fish" in Alto de las Guitarras, Peru.  According to  Dr. Cristobalo Campana (2005), the eye and flipper were "re-touched" by pre-Columbian indigenous people to make its original resemblance more obvious (Patricio Bustamante, personal communication, March, 2008).  Further information is given (in Spanish) on the following web site:  http://rupestreweb.info/pareidolia2.html
	92.  "Head of an eagle" (Pandium aeleatus carolinensis)  in Alto de las Guitarras, Peru.  According to Dr. Cristobalo Campana (2005), the eye and beak were "worked" so its original resemblance to an eagle became even more evident (Patricio Bustamante, personal communication, March, 2008).  Further information is given (in Spanish) on the following web site:  http://rupestreweb.info/pareidolia2.html

Microdrawings

100. Left. Airplane, inspired by the Jefferson Airplane Rock Group, which is near lower right of larger version that is seen when this thumbnail is clicked.   Right. Derek Bostok, bearded man with his pipe, which is near center, right side of larger version; he is, by the way,  a "Self portrait" of the microdrawing master, who "no longer uses a pipe!!"   These diagrams are, respectively,  portions of the covers of publications of McBirney, dated 1968 and 1969.  (used with permission of A.R. McBirney).

SYNTHETIKITES

Synthetikite
	100. "Little Devil"  or  "I didn't used to look like this" [before the fight] (height ~ 5 cm) terrazzo.  (© photo by John Vonderlin).

This, of course, leaves one group of specimens that appear to fit somewhere in between so-to-speak typical mimetoliths and synthektites  --  i.e., angular fragments of rocks such as granite and rock gypsum that have been roughly tumbled to make them rounded and thus resemble natural pebbles.   Is there any end to this? ? ?
 
ROLE REVERSAL IMITATORS

Thoughts about imitators such as these have led to a number of questions being sent to me -- most, I suspect, with "tongue in cheek" -- asking whether they should be termed  lithomimetes (or the like).  --  My response is F0LDEROL! ! !  Call them what they are.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Frances S. Dietrich, Richard S. Dietrich, David Ginsburg, Emmett Mason, and J. Stewart Monroe critiqued different versions of the manuscript and suggested inclusion of some mimetoliths not treated in the versions they read.  Reed Wicander identified the fossils shown in the "Loose stones" tabulation and sought out the original photographs that were scanned to prepare some of the illustrations. David Ginsburg also helped me find some of the cited references. The people and organizations who supplied illustrations are noted in the captions. I gratefully thank all of these people for their contributions.

EPILOGUE

First, the rest of the original Introduction:

Also, consider the following poem (which reads in part)

"Look, a cloud, the shape of a rose."

"Not so – it's either a seal
with a ball on its nose
or an elephant
balanced atop its toes."

"No, if not some flower,
it must be a large water tower
or perhaps an all-day lollipop."

        "You both are wrong –
        it's a northern loon,
        laughing straight up
        at a full harvest moon!"

  . . . ."

and Dave Coverly's Speed Bump cartoon (dated 11/16/2002), which reverses the roles:   two clouds are directing each other's attention earthward to a "lake [that] looks like an elephant" and a "clump of trees [that] looks like Peter Jennings."   At about the same time, an obituary for  the respected Harvard mineralogist, Clifford Frondel (1907-2002), recorded the fact that, after viewing a group of rocks brought back aboard Apollo from the Sea of Tranquility on the Moon, Cliff remarked, "It looked like a bunch of burned potatoes" (Long, 2002).  Even more recently, Emmett Mason directed my attention to  the July 21, 2003 entry on the  web site antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html that showed a starfield photograph by Gary Stevens entitled "Reflection Nebula in Ophiuchius," which was described as resembling "an impressionistic painting?"; Emmett, however, wondered if it didn't resemble "a romanesque, goateed face -- maybe--eh?".

Is it any wonder that we, usually "down to earth" geologists, when we look at certain topography, rock exposures, rock and mineral specimens, and beach stones sometimes think,  "That looks like a ... "?  -- Certainly not!!!   Imagination is not only one of the capacities that separates humans from other living beings:  It is common;  it is fun;  and sometimes,  as Burke’s (1940) lyrics go, "Imagination is funny; it makes a cloudy day sunny . . ." 

Consequently, it came as a surprise -- indeed, a shock -- to me when one of our would-be professional spokesmen dismissed practices involving imagination exercises of the kind just mentioned in rather negative terms:  ". . . faced with the history, the psychology, and the obtuse logic of describing minerals in non-mineral terms, one can only conclude that it will continue despite any complaints. The best defense may simply be to see the humor in it all" (Wilson, 1978).  --  Fortunately, I think, Wilson's attitude is not held by many Geoscientists (especially educators).  If it were, it might well serve to produce mental blocks in the very people whose curiosity, observations, and imaginations -- coupled with their knowledge -- might otherwise formulate the new ideas and hypotheses that are so important to the advancement of our science.

Many of us who are active in one or more of the subdisciplines of this diagnostic science called geology have long acknowledged the need for imagination as well as knowledge.  We recognize the fact that so-called "uniformitarian clues" are not the skeleton keys that open the doors of insight into many important questions.  Consequently, we lament the fact that many youngsters' imaginations seem to be stultified by elders who prefer conformity.  So, we continually hope that at least some of the youngsters who will become future members of our profession will escape such desensitizing "lessons."

Some of us even think: What better way to escape such a dull fate than to collect rocks and minerals and stones, and while examining them to imagine that some of their shapes or other features resemble something else.  Indeed, we think it is fortunate that rocks and minerals can be enhancers of imagination as well as attractions for our future professionals.  In fact, some of us think this so-to-speak practice can also be of value for adults. -- Along this line, I have often wondered what it was that so excited the imagination of Karl Harry Ferdinand Rosenbusch, the philologist, that made him change his profession, which ultimately led to his laying the foundations of microscopic petrography and becoming recognized as the "Father of (Modern) Petrology" (Dietrich, 1990);  was it  something he saw while he was teaching in Brazil, something he saw or heard while listening to one of Bunsen’s lectures, what ??

Some of us have tried diligently to find ways to recognize and attract students with good imaginations to our profession, and a few of us have tried to devise methods to enhance students’ imaginations. (By the way, the only means I have seen that seemed to help more than a few students was to have them participate in some hands-on Art (i.e., not art appreciation!) courses.)  We fully realized that such efforts might lead to our losing some of those students;  we consoled ourselves by thinking that should that happen at least those students would be better prepared no matter what career they might pursue.  It is widely recognized that professionals from other fields as disparate as the visual arts, engineering, literature, and sciences other than geology also recognize the important role of imagination:  The psychologist Barron (1958), for example, correlates imagination and originality, which he considers to be the foundation of a creative act;  among other things, he concludes -- on the basis of a study of a group that included anthropologists, biologists, economists, painters, physicians, physicists, and writers --  "creative people are especially observant . . . they value accurate observation (telling themselves the truth) more than other people do . . . they have more ability to hold many ideas at once, and to compare more ideas with one another – hence to make a richer synthesis."  How can anyone doubt that these are the kinds of people that we need as petrologists, mineralogists, and other geoscientists?

  ----------  >>>>>+++<<<<< ----------

Original Epilogue:

Two people who have apparently thought more deeply about this subject that I have, upon critiquing either the manuscript of the column that appears in Rocks & Minerals or a draft of the text prepared for this text, brought up matters that warrant recording:

A. Robert Cook (personal.communication,1988) notes that imagination for some people is probably much more than mere recognition that something resembles something else -- "It is the combination of observational talent and the ability to analyze observations to the point of recognizing such resemblances . . . [that is to say,] to recognize a real resemblance requires a certain degree of analytical thought."

B. Another reader of a preliminary draft of this text thought that something I told him, but did not plan to include, should be recorded because "it might prompt some social scientist(s) to make some sort of a follow-up study that might determine why observers have certain predilections so far as seeing and identifying such features." So, briefly, here are the two general relationships that became evident to me during my review of the mimetoliths. (It seems prudent to note, however, that these relationships, are based on a small sample and do not take into account suiseki. Also, not being a social scientist, I see no reason to repeat my tentative interpretations or conclusions so far as possible implications of these observations.)

        1. A large percentage of recorded mimetoliths have apparently been thought to resemble human beings or parts of human beings. -- And, in order of reported abundance, other mimetoliths, as I mentally group them, are manufactured items (e.g., soda straws); animals other than humans . . . ; and plants and parts thereof (e.g., blossoms).

        2. More than seventy five percent of the mimetoliths to which my attention has been directed have apparently been thought to resemble animate beings (i.e., animals including humans) rather than inanimate objects (i.e., plants and manufactured items).

REQUEST

Keep your eyes and minds open:  Look and see and use your imagination. Do not avoid recognizing mimetoliths just because someone may consider your doing so to indicate you are exercising "obtuse logic" or the like.  Each mimetolith you conjure up may serve to improve your imagination, your future creativity, your future life . . . Imitator landscapes, rocks, minerals, and stones are relatively common.  Please let me know about those you find; I shall try to continually update this web site file with some of the examples directed to my attention.

REFERENCES CITED

Barron, Frank. 1958. The psychology of imagination. Sci. Amer. 199:150-166.

Burke, Johnny. 1940. Imagination (music by Jimmy Van Heusen). Sheet music. New York:ABC.

Cancalosi, John. 1990. A Thanksgiving I'll never forget. Ranger Rick. November 1990, 24(#11):43-47.

Campana, Cristobalo. 2005.  [apparently a personal communication to Patricio Bustamante].

Crowningshield, Robert. 1965. Developments and highlights at the Gem Trade Lab in New York. Gems & Gemology.  XI:312.

Dayvault, R.D. and H. S. Hatch.  2005. Cycads from the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous rocks of southeastern Utah.  Rocks & Minerals.  80:412-432.

Dietrich, R.V. 1957.   Precambrian geology and mineral resources of the Brier Hill quadrangle, New York. New York State Museum and Science Service, Bulletin 354.
. . . . .  1980. Stones: Their collection, identification, and uses (2^nd edition). Prescott(AZ):Geoscience

. . . . . 1985. The tourmaline group. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold.

. . . . . 1989. Imagine: Another mimetolith. Rocks & Minerals. 64:149-152.

. . . . . 1990. Are there patron saints for rock and mineral collectors? Rocks & Minerals. 65:442-445.

. . . . . and  K-L. Chyi. 1995. Some noteworthy minerals, rocks, and crystals. Rocks & Minerals. 70:188-191.

. . . . . and  B.J. Skinner.  1979.  Rocks and Rock Minerals. New York:John Wiley & Sons.

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Hurlbut, C.S., Jr. 1970/71. Quartz: The story of one of the earth's most important minerals and its precious varieties. Mineral Digest. 1:62-73.

Ishihara, Nobuo. 1986. Kikkaseki. (circa Stone/rock of chrysanthemum flower). Tokyo:Bokujisha.

Joy, Gordon. 1991. Letters to the editor. Scots Magazine. October 1991, 136(#1):8.

Koivula, J. I. and Maha Tannous. 2003. Chrysocolla "owl" agate in Moses, T.M. et al. (editors) 2003 Lab Notes. Gems & Gemology.  XXXIX:314.

Kunz, G.F. 1913. The Curious Lore of Precious Stones. Philadelphia:Lippincott Company (Also Dover Publications:New York, reprint.)

Laurs, B.M. 2003. "Alphabet" agates from Indonesia.  Gems & Gemology.  39:153.

Leibov, Michael.  2004.  Russian gold:  An overview. Rocks & Minerals.  79:156-173.

Liddicoat, R.T.  1968. Developments and highlights at the Gem Trade Lab in Los Angeles. Gems & Gemology.  XII:348.

Long, Tom. 2002. Clifford Frondel, mineralogist, examined first moon rocks, 95 (obituary). The Boston Globe. November 15:D12.

McBirney, A.R. 1968. Andesite in thin section (Cover picture) in Dole, H.M. (editor). Andesite conference guidebook. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. Bulletin 62.

. . . . . 1969. Andesite in thin section (Cover picture) in McBirney, A.R. (editor). Proceedings of the Andesite Conference. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. Bulletin 65.

Monroe, J.S. 1987. Creationism, human footprints, and flood geology. Jour. of Geol. Ed. 35:93-102.

Nemirovskaya, Alina and Wuyi Wang. 2006.  Diamond with unusual etch channel in Moses, T.M. and S.F. McClure (editors) 2006 Lab Notes. Gems & Gemology.  XLII:165.

Parrot, G.F. 1840. Recherches physiques sur les pierres d'Imatra. Mémoires de l'Académie Impérial des sciences de Saint Pétersbourg. Sixieme Série, Tome V, pt.2: 297-426.

Rakovan, John,  Masao Kitamura and Osamu Tamada. 2006. Sakura ishi (Cherryh Blossom Stones): Mica pseudomorphs of complex cordierite-indialite intergrowths from Kameoka, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.  Rocks & Minerals. 81:284-292.

Ranzenberger, Mark. 2005. Nature's design: Family finds rock shaped like Michigan. The Morning Sun (Mt. Pleasant, MI). September 4:C1.

Rondeau, Benjamin and Michele Macri. 2005. "Medus quartz" with gilalite inclusions in Laurs, B.M. (editor) GemNews International 2005. Gems & Gemology.  XLI:270-271.

Sanborn, W.B.  1976. Oddities of the mineral world.  New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Sheldon, J.M.A. 1900. Concretions from the Champlain Clays of the Connecticut Valley. Boston:The University Press, John Wilson & Son.

Twain, Mark. 1971. The diaries of Adam and Eve. New York:American Heritage Press

Wilson, W.E. 1978. Hey, that looks like a . . . In Notes from the editor column. Mineral. Rec. 9: 66-67.

Wood, R.W. 1917. How to tell the birds from the flowers and other wood-cuts. New York:Dodd, Mead and Co. (New York:Dover Publications, 1959, reprint seen).

APPENDIX A. Nouns  & Adjectives that indicate mimetoliths.

The widespread occurrence of mimetoliths is clearly indicated by several terms that are rather widely applied by geologists, and a few of these terms are also used by non-geologists.  And, if prefixes and suffixes used for minerals and fossils were included, several additional terms could be listed.  A few of the terms relate to senses other than visual perceptions – e.g., singing sand relates to auditory perceptions.

Some of the more common nouns and adjectives that come to mind are listed in alphabetical order in the following tables, with the terms that originated as foreign words, but are used widely in English-language publications,  given in bold-face type.  In addition, special attention is directed to the adjectives given the agates included in APPENDIX B.

Table 1. Nouns.