BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION/CELL RESPIPATION: GLYCOLYSIS-KREBS CYCLE-ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM  
 

Respiration Notes

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1. Know that all chemical reactions are essentially oxidation- reduction processes, i.e., the donation and acceptance of electrons.
   
   
2. Know that glycolysis is the first stage of carbohydrate metabolism, and that it takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell. 
   
   
3. Be able to distinguish between anaerobic and aerobic respiration, and the conditions under which each takes place. 
   
   
4. Know the products of glycolysis and how much energy (in terms of Al?) is available to a cell after glycolysis. 
   
   
5. Know what happens to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen in a typical animal cell and certain plant cells (i.e., bacteria and yeast).  Essentially, know how pyruvate is oxidized and what the possible end products are, as well as how much total energy in terms of ATP is available (this relates to # 4 above). 
   
   
6. Know how much energy is contained in a mole of glucose.  If a mole of glucose were to be oxidized in an aerobic organisms, how much energy would be produced (released)? Remember the first law of thermodynamics!!  
   
   
7. Know how much energy is available in the form of heat and how much is available in the form of chemical energy bound in ATP. 
   
   
8. As in #6 (above), if a mole of glucose were to be oxidized in an aerobic organism, how many total molecules (moles) of ATP are available to the cell? 
   
   
9. Know where the Krebs cycle takes place (mitochondria) and that pyruvate is further oxidized in this cycle.  Know the products of the Krebs cycle-specifically know how many moles (molecules) of ATP, NADH, FADH(2), and carbon dioxide are produced here. 
   
   
10. Know that the Krebs cycle is often referd to as the second stage of aerobic respiration and the third stage is called the electron transport system (ETS).  Some textbooks will refer to this as the electron transport phosphorylation stage. 
    
    
11. Know how many moles of ATP are produced from each mole of NADH and FAD(2) in the ETS. 
    
    
12. Know what role oxygen plays in aerobic respiration.  Without Oxygen, what happens in an organism which usually respires using oxygen (aerobically)? 
    
    
13. What are the structural parts of a mitochondrion.  Specifically, what is the function of the cristae? 
    
    
14. Review the text on Glucose Energy (in terms of ATP) Yield.  Specifically refer to text and lecture notes for details about amounts of ATP, NADP, and FADH(2) yields from each step in aerobic respiration (i.e., glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and where total amounts of ATP are produced). 
    
    
15. Know that the energy available in 36-38 moles of ATP represents about 38 % of the total energy available in a mole of glucose.

 

 

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